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Padayappa is a 1999 Indian Tamil-languagedrama film, written and directed by K. S. Ravikumar, and featuring Sivaji Ganesan, Rajinikanth, Ramya Krishnan and Soundarya in the lead roles, with Abbas, Lakshmi, Radha Ravi and Nassar in supporting roles. The soundtrack album and background score were composed by A. R. Rahman.

The plot revolves around Padayappa (Rajinikanth), an engineer whose father (Sivaji Ganesan) dies of shock soon after he is defrauded and loses his property to his foster brother (Manivannan). Neelambari (Ramya Krishnan) initially loves Padayappa, but plans to take revenge on him and his love interest Vasundhara (Soundarya) after his family humiliates her father (Radha Ravi). The rest of the story deals with Padayappa climbing back to financial success and arranging his daughters' marriage while overcoming all the obstacles placed by Neelambari.

Principal photography for the film began in October 1998. Padayappa was released on 10 April 1999 on the eve of Tamil New Year's day. This was the first Tamil film to be released worldwide with 210 prints and 700,000 audio cassettes. It became Tamil cinema's highest grossing film at that point. Ramya Krishnan's performance was praised, winning her a Filmfare Award under the Best Actress category. The film also won five Tamil Nadu State Film Awards. Padayappa was dubbed into Telugu under the title Narasimha. The dubbed version was also commercially successful, and had a theatrical run of 50 days at 49 theatres.

• 3Production
• 6Release

Plot[edit]

Padayappa is a mechanical engineer who returns to his village after three years to attend his sister's wedding. Padayappa's family have been the richest landlords of their village and chieftains for their region. Padayappa's great grandfather had decreed all Hindu marriages in their region must take place in the Murugan temple, after the chieftain has verbally confirmed the consent from bride and groom. This tradition has been followed for 100 years and now Padayappa's father is the chieftain. Padayappa's younger sister is engaged to their maternal cousin Suryaprakash. During his stay, he comes across Vasundhara, and falls in love with her. However, shyness and fear of Neelambari, her landlady, prevents Vasundhara from initially expressing her feelings. Additionally, Neelambari is Suryaprakash's spoilt US-returned sister who also loves Padayappa.

Unexpectedly, Padayappa's father's foster brother demands half share in the family property, citing Padayappa's father's donations to the poor are draining the family resources and he himself has three children to take care of. Padayappa's father abruptly refuses to divide the property and instead gives the entire property to his foster brother. This forces Padayappa's family to leave their home, to a plot of land bought using Padayappa's salary. Unable to bear this shock, Padayappa's father dies at the entrance of the house. Suryaprakash silently cancels his wedding with Padayappa's sister and marries the daughter of Padayappa's father's foster brother, who now owns the property of Padayappa's father.

Meanwhile, Padayappa discovers that a hill on his property is solid granite, which allows him to start a granite business, from which he becomes exponentially rich. He uses the money to help the poor in his village, and provide them jobs. As his business flourishes, his family is able to once again settle down. Padayappa assumes his father's position as the village chieftain, and his sister gets married to one of the engineers who work in his company. When Neelambari learns about Padayappa's love for Vasundhara, she becomes jealous of her, and her parents beg Padayappa's widowed mother to allow Neelambari to marry Padayappa. However, to everyone's surprise, Padayappa's mother embarrasses Padayappa's maternal uncle in front of the entire village when she agrees to a marriage proposal made by Vasundhara's mother, her brother's servant. Unable to bear the humiliation, Padayappa's maternal uncle commits suicide. When Neelambari tries to kill Vasundhara by letting a bull loose on her, Padayappa saves her, after which the two marry. After the wedding, Neelambari locks herself in a room in Suryaprakash's house, thinking only about Padayappa for 18 years, at the time in which Suryaprakash becomes home minister of state. In between, Padayappa finds his father's foster brother in trouble and was pulled out by a financier Krishnasamy Mudaliar, from whom he had borrowed money on interest keeping the family house, and helps his father's foster brother, who is suffering financially. As a result, Padayappa's father's foster brother becomes indebted to him and seeks Padayappa's pardon for his misdeeds; Padayappa forgives him.

Neelambari plans her revenge on Padayappa, now a father of two daughters. Suryaprakash also has a son, Chandru, who studies at the same college as Padayappa's elder daughter, Anitha. Neelambari advises Chandru to make Anitha fall in love with him. At the same time, Padayappa plans to get Anitha married to his sister's son. Neelambari, having made Chandru pretend to fall in love with Anitha, plans to humiliate Padayappa by making Anitha say that she does not wish to marry a groom of her parents' choice and that she is in love with someone else. At the marriage ceremony, after Anitha does what Neelambari told her to do, Padayappa makes an oath to unite Anitha with her lover by the next Muhurta day, or commit suicide. Padayappa discovers that Chandru really did fall in love with Anitha even though he was only initially pretending to do so on Neelambari's advise. When Padayappa takes Chandru and Anitha to the temple to get married, Neelambari and Suryaprakash give chase to stop them. Suryaprakash is killed in a car accident during the chase.

Armed with a machine gun, Neelambari reaches the temple where Chandru and Anitha are married. When she tries to kill Padayappa, Padayappa saves her life when he prevents a bull from attacking her, while at the same time dodging the bullets she fires at him. Rather than live with the humiliation of knowing she was unsuccessful in avenging her father's death, as well as having her life saved by her enemy, Neelambari commits suicide, promising to take revenge on Padayappa in her next birth. Padayappa prays for her soul to be at peace and eventually attain salvation.

Cast[edit]

– Ramya Krishnan, in an interview with Deccan Chronicle in July 2015.^[1]

• Sivaji Ganesan as Padayappa's father
• Rajinikanth as Padayappa
• Ramya Krishnan as Neelambari
• Soundarya as Vasundhara
• Lakshmi as Padayappa's mother
• Sithara as Padayappa's sister
• Radha Ravi as Neelambari's father
• Nassar as Suryaprakash
• Manivannan as Padayappa's father's foster brother
• Senthil as Azhagesan
• Abbas as Chandraprakash aka Chandru
• Preetha as Anitha
• Anu Mohan as Chinnarasu
• Ramesh Khanna as Padayappa's friend
• Vadivukkarasi as Vasundhara's mother
• Sathyapriya as Neelambari's mother
• Mansoor Ali Khan as Krishnasamy Mudaliar
• Prakash Raj as Subramaniam
• Vasu Vikram as Padayappa's cousin
• Raja Ravindra as Padayappa's cousin
• Lavanya as Suryaprakash's wife
• Kanal Kannan as a farmer told by Neelambari to kill the snake
• Mohan Raman as the lawyer
• Ravi Raghavendra as Ravi Chellaiah
• K. S. Ravikumar (special appearance in the song 'Kikku Yerudhey')

Production[edit]

Development[edit]

In September 1998, Rajinikanth announced his next project, titled Padayappa, with K. S. Ravikumar as director.^[2] The story of this film was taken in part from the historical Tamil novel, Ponniyin Selvan, by Kalki Krishnamurthy.^[3] The title Padayappa is a corruption of Aarupadayappa — a sobriquet for Murugan and his six abodes.^[4] The film was produced by K. Sathya Narayana, M. V. Krishna Rao, and H. Vittal Prasad under their production banner, Arunachala Cine Creations,^[5] along with P. L. Thenappan as co-producer.^[6] Lalitha Mani was the choreographer for the song sequences.^[7]Jyothi Krishna, son of producer A. M. Rathnam, was involved in the development of the film's script.^[8]

– Ramya Krishnan, in an interview with The Hindu in July 1999.^[9]

Rajinikanth was cast as the title character, a city based engineer who returns to his ancestral village.^[2]Ramya Krishnan was cast as Padayappa's cousin Neelambari.^[10] The character is based on Nandini, a vengeful woman in Ponniyin Selvan.^[3][11]Meena and Nagma were all earlier considered for the role.^[11][12] Simran was considered for the role of Vasundhara, before the role went to Soundarya,^[13] who had earlier worked with Rajinikanth in Arunachalam (1997).^[9] Ravikumar revealed that makers could not sign Simran due to her busy schedule and Meena was also considered for Vasundhara's role.^[11]Shalini was touted to play the role of Padayappa's sister,^[4] but the role eventually went to Sithara.^[14]Abbas was cast as Chandru.^[15]

The characterisation of the older Padayappa — bearded, with sunglasses — is based on Rajinikanth's look as the character Manik Baashha in Baashha (1995);^[15] Ganesh Nadar of Rediff commented, 'Give [Baashha] a cheroot and that's Padayappa.'^[16] Vijayakumar was the initial choice before Sivaji Ganesan was cast as Padayappa's father;^[15][11]Padayappa was his penultimate release before Pooparika Varugirom (1999).^[17] His character's appearance, with a mutton-chop moustache, is based on a similar role he played in Thevar Magan (1992).^[15]Manivannan was cast as the foster brother of Ganesan's character.^[18]

Filming[edit]

Padayappa began principal photography at the Ragavendra Kalyana Mandapam on 1 October 1998.^[5][2] The film's climax scene was one of the first to be shot,^[20] and was filmed in one take using two cameras. Around 2,000 extras were used for the scene.^[9] The car that was used in the scene which introduced Neelambari in the film belonged to Ravikumar.^[11] Ravikumar used the newly purchased car in the film at Rajinikanth's insistence.^[21] Filming also took place in Mysore.^[22] The Vadapalani-based shop, D. V. Nehru wigs, supplied the wigs that were sported by Ganesan in the film.^[23] In an August 2016 interview with Sudhir Srinivasan of The Hindu, Ravikumar mentioned that a scene where Padayappa uses his dupatta to pull down a swing from the ceiling on which he sits after not being given a chair to sit by Neelambari, was inspired by a sequence in the Indian epic Ramayana. The sequence features the Hindu god Hanuman making a seat using his tail after Ravana, the demon king of Lanka, does not provide the former a chair to sit.^[19]

'Kikku Yerudhey' was the last song sequence to be shot. For the sequence, Rajinikanth required Ravikumar to sport an outfit similar to Rajinikanth's, and enact a small part in the song. Rajinikanth also selected the part of the song where Ravikumar would make his appearance. After reluctantly agreeing to do the part, a scene was filmed featuring Rajinikanth and Ravikumar. Rajinikanth said he felt the shot did not look right, and re-takes for Ravikumar's sequence were done. After the re-takes were completed, Rajinikanth admitted that the first sequence was fine. When Ravikumar asked the cameraman why he had not told him earlier, the cameraman replied by saying that Rajinikanth wanted Ravikumar to do seven takes, to teach him a lesson for all the takes that Ravikumar had required of Rajinikanth.^[24]

Themes[edit]

Writing for PopMatters, Ranjani Krishnakumar noted that Padayappa underlined Rajinikanth's political manoeuvres, evident when his character's lover sings 'Kaadhal therdhalil kattil sinnathil vetri petru nee vaazgha' (In the election of love, with the symbol of bed, may you win and flourish).^[25]

Music[edit]

The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by A. R. Rahman, with lyrics by Vairamuthu. The soundtrack was released through Star Music.^[26] Strips of herbal rejuvenator capsules were sold along with the film's music cassettes.^[27] Before the film's release, Rahman asked Ravikumar if the soundtrack could be released in August 1999. Ravikumar informed Rahman that he had already discussed a release date with the press, and that Rahman would be blamed for any delay. To make the deadline, Rahman did a live re-recording of both the soundtrack and score to finish them on time.^[28]

The credits for the song 'Vetri Kodi Kattu', sung by Palakkad Sreeram, initially went to Malaysia Vasudevan, who publicly stated that the credits for the song should have been attributed to Sreeram. Rahman requested the company who manufactured the audio cassettes to make the change.^[29] The song 'Minsara Kanna' is based on the Vasantharaga,^[30] while 'Vetri Kodi Kattu' is based on the Keeravani raga.^[31] 'Minsara Kanna' established Srinivas as a leading singer in the film industry.^[32]

Singer Charulatha Mani, in her column for The Hindu, 'A Raga's journey', called 'Minsara Kanna' a 'mind-blowing piece'.^[30] Srikanth Srinivasa of the Deccan Herald wrote, 'The music by [Rahman], to Vairamuthu’s lyrics, sounds good while the movie is on, though whether without the presence of [Rajinikanth] they would have, is another thing.'^[33] S. Shiva Kumar of The Times of India was more critical of the soundtrack, and called it 'lacklustre'.^[34]

Release[edit]

Padayappa was released on 10 April 1999 on the eve of Tamil New Year's day.^[3] It was the first Tamil film to be released worldwide with over 200 prints, and 700,000 audio cassettes.^[35] The film's rights in Japan were sold for US$50,000, which was the highest an Indian film fetched for commercial release in 1999.^[36][37] Co-producer Thenappan registered the film posters as a Class 34 trademark in 1998, to be used for trademarking such items as beedis, cigarettes, cheroots and tobacco, making it the first instance of brand extension in the Tamil film industry.^[38] The pre-release business of the film's overseas rights amounted to ₹30 million.^[39] According to an estimate by trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai, the value of the theatrical and satellite rights for Padayappa was approximately ₹20 million.^[40]

Critical response[edit]

Ananda Vikatan, in its original review of the film dated 25 April 1999, wrote, 'Original stamp of Rajni style can be seen in the film several times .. Ramya Krishnan has matched Rajni and created a royal path separately .. The film is exclusively made for Rajni's fans ..,' and gave the film 41 marks out of 100.^[41]The Deccan Herald gave the film a positive verdict, claiming that the 'positive energy generated by this film is simply astounding', and labelling Rajinikanth's role as 'terrific'.^[33]

Ganesh Nadar of Rediff also gave a positive review, praising Ramya Krishnan's performance in the film, and said that she 'does a fantastic job', concluding, '.. if you are a Rajni fan, this film is vintage stuff.'^[16] P. C. Balasubramanianram and N. Ramakrishnan, in their book, Grand Brand Rajini, said, 'Padayappa, in one way, stands testimony to Rajini's life itself.'^[42] However, S. Shiva Kumar of The Times of India was critical of the film's allusions to the actor's political career, stating that the film was 'more style than substance'.^[34]Sify praised Ramya Krishnan's performance but criticised Rajinikanth, stating that he had nothing to do but 'be the Superman and spew dialogues'. The reviewer concluded, 'Technically the film has nothing much to offer.'^[43]

Box office[edit]

Padayappa was a box office success; T. R. Vivek of Business Today says that the film was estimated to have earned ₹440 million worldwide, with a total of ₹380 million at the domestic box office, and ₹60 million overseas.^[44] According to The Tribune, it was the highest grossing Tamil film at that point of time before being surpassed by another Rajinikanth film, Chandramukhi (2005),^[45] although Rediff stated in 2014 that Padayappa's record was surpassed by Ghilli (2004).^[46]

The film had a theatrical run of 100 days in 86 theatre centres,^[47] and was dubbed into Telugu under the title Narasimha.^[48] The dubbed version was also a commercially successful venture, and had a theatrical run of 50 days in 49 theatres.^[38]

Accolades[edit]

Ramya Krishnan won the Best Actress at the Filmfare Awards. The film also won five Tamil Nadu State Film Awards.^[9][49]

Cancelled sequel[edit]

Padayappa's final cut initially lasted for 19 reels, which was considered too lengthy. Rather than cut the film, Rajinikanth suggested to Ravikumar to allot two intervals. He screened the uncut film for actor Kamal Haasan, who told him not to go for two intervals. Haasan suggested Padayappa be edited in a way that would not disturb the storyline, so Ravikumar and the editor Thanigachalam managed to bring the film down to 14 reels.^[11] When Kumudam's reporter Kannan learnt about the scenes which had been cut, he asked Rajinikanth to release them as Padayappa's sequel. Rajinikanth immediately spoke to Ravikumar about the possibility, but was informed that those reels had been destroyed.^[50]

Legacy[edit]

With the success of Padayappa, Ramya Krishnan, who up to that point in time had only performed glamorous roles,^[9] showed her versatility as an actress.^[51] The character Neelambari reappears in Baba (2002), where she spots Baba (Rajinikanth) but sees him in her mind's eye in his Padayappa attire; she asks him the time. Her brother drags her away, and berates her for still not overcoming Padayappa. Ramya Krishnan and Nasser reprised their roles in this film.^[52] The success of Padayappa led to a film being named after one of its songs, Minsara Kanna (1999), starring Vijay with actress Kushboo appearing in a negative role similar to Ramya Krishnan's in Padayappa;^[53] another song from the film, Vetri Kodi Kattu, became the name of a 2000 film directed by Cheran.^[54] Ramya Krishnan played the role of Malini in the film Arumugam (2009), in which her character was similar to Neelambari.^[55][56] Ramya Krishnan's character in the television serial, Kalasam, was also named Neelambari.^[57] Actress Priyamani, in an interview with Prathibha Joy of The Times of India, stated her character in the Kannada filmAmbareesha (2014), is similar to Neelambari.^[58] In Chetan Bhagat's novel, 2 States: The Story of My Marriage (2009), when Krish Malhotra, the novel's protagonist, travels to Nungambakkam by auto rickshaw, the auto rickshaw driver stops to worship a poster of Padayappa.^[59]

Some of the quotes from the film that became popular were: 'En Vazhi Thani Vazhi.' (My way is a unique way);^[51] 'Poda Andavane Namapakam Irukan’’ (God is on our side);^[60] 'Adhigama Aasaipadra Aambalaiyum, Adhigama Kobapadra Pombalaiyum, Nalla Vazhndhadha Sarithirame Kidaiyathu' (There is no history of a man who desires too much or a woman who gets too angry living well), 'Kashtapadama Edhuvum Kidaikkathu. Kashtapadama Kidaikirathu Ennikkum Nilakkathu' (One can gain nothing without working hard for it. That which is gained without hard work will not last forever);^[61] the English dialogue 'Anger is the cause of all miseries. One should know how to control it, otherwise life will become miserable',^[62] and Neelambari's dialogue 'Vayasanalum un style um azhagum inum unna vitu pogala' (Even though you have grown older, your style and beauty has not left you).^[63][64] One of Rajinikanth's climactic dialogues in the film — 'En Vazhi Thani Vazhi' — was used as the title of a 2015 film directed by Shaji Kailas.^[65] It was also used as the title of a 2010 book on branding by Sridhar Ramanujam.^[66] Scenes from the film were parodied in various other films, notable of which are Thirupathi Ezhumalai Venkatesa (1999),^[67]En Purushan Kuzhandhai Maadhiri (2001),^[68]Annai Kaligambal (2003),^[69]Sivaji (2007).^[70]Vel (2007),^[71]Siva Manasula Sakthi (2009),^[72]Malai Malai (2009),^[73]Vanakkam Chennai (2013),^[74] and All in All Azhagu Raja (2013).^[75]Padayappa was also parodied in the Star Vijay comedy series Lollu Sabha, in an episode appropriately named Vadayappa.^[76]

To celebrate the 39th anniversary of Rajinikanth in the film industry, Digitally Inspired Media, a Chennai-based digital agency, made 39 posters of some of his films, in which Padayappa was included. The posters feature one 'punch' line from the film, a representative image, and the year of the film’s release.^[77] On Rajinikanth's 64th birthday, an agency named Minimal Kollywood Posters designed posters of Rajinikanth's films, in which the Minion characters from the Despicable Me franchise are dressed as Rajinikanth.^[78] The digital art was hand drawn on a digital pad by Gautham Raj.^[78] One of the posters depicted a minion sitting on a swing and dressed like Rajinikanth's character in Padayappa, reminiscent of the swing scene.^[78]

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61. ^Kannath, Sruthi (8 August 2011). 'Message through punchlines!'. The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
62. ^Ramachandran 2014, p. 173.
63. ^'Rajinikanth turns 67: From being a 'Sruthi Betham' to becoming a Superstar'. The Indian Express. 12 December 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
64. ^'Petta movie review: Rajinikanth of the 90s returns, riding this Karthik Subbaraj time machine'. Hindustan Times. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
65. ^'South follows Bollywood: Popular dialogues, songs inspire film titles'. Hindustan Times. Indo-Asian News Service. 2 November 2014. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
66. ^Suganth, M. (3 October 2010). 'Branding guru and columnist Ramanujam Sridhar will be releasing his third book, Enn vazhi Thani Vazhi, tomorrow evening at The Spring Hotel in Chennai'. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
67. ^Thirupathi Ezhumalai Venkatesa (motion picture). Sri Thenandal Films. From 10:06 to 10:34.
68. ^'En Purushan Kuzhandhai Maadhiri Comedy'. YouTube. AP International. 7 November 2013. Event occurs at 17:24. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
69. ^Rama Narayanan (director) (2003). Annai Kaligambal (motion picture). Sri Thenandal Films. Event occurs at 1:42:49.
70. ^Sivaji (Blu-ray 1080p HD). Clip from 27:50 to 27:56.
71. ^Vel (DVD). Clip from 17:28 to 17:57.
72. ^Siva Manasula Sakthi (DVD). Clip from 56:05 to 56:53.
73. ^Malai Malai (DVD). Clip from 2:06:12 to 2:06:21.
74. ^Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi (director) (2013). Vanakkam Chennai (motion picture). Red Giant Movies. Event occurs at 4:05.
75. ^M. Rajesh (director). All in All Azhagu Raja (motion picture). Studio Green. From 2:04:06 to 2:04:36.
76. ^'Vadayappa'. Lollu Sabha. Chennai. 18 August 2004. Star Vijay.
77. ^Lazarus, Susanne Myrtle (25 August 2014). 'Rajinikanth posters out on the Internet!'. The Hindu. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
78. ^ ^abcPrasad, Shiva (15 December 2014). 'Superstar Rajinikanth as Minions — Padayappa (1999)'. The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.

Sources[edit]

• Balasubramanianram, P. C.; Ramakrishnan, N. (2012). Grand Brand Rajini. Rupa Publications. ISBN978-81-2912-059-5.
• Bhagat, Chetan (2009). 2 States: The Story of My Marriage. Sandesh S. ISBN978-81-291-1530-0.
• Dhananjayan, G. (2011). 'Padayappa'. The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010. Galatta Media. ISBN978-81-921043-0-0.
• Ganesan, Sivaji; Narayana Swamy, T.S. (2007). Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928 – July 2001. Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust.
• Mathai, Kamini (2009). A.R. Rahman: The Musical Storm. Penguin Books. ISBN978-0-670-08371-8.
• Ramachandran, Naman, ed. (2012). Rajinikanth 12.12.12: A Birthday Special. Kasturi & Sons Ltd.
• Ramachandran, Naman (2014) [2012]. Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography. Penguin Books. ISBN978-81-8475-796-5.
• Vasudevan, Ravi (2011). The Melodramatic Public: Film Form and Spectatorship in Indian Cinema. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-0-230-24764-2.

External links[edit]

• Padayappa on IMDb

Tezpur (/tɛzˈpʊər/) (Assamese: তেজপুৰtezpur, Assamese pronunciation: [tɛspuɹ]) is a city and urban agglomeration in Sonitpur district, Assam state, India. Tezpur is on the banks of the river Brahmaputra, 175 kilometres (109 mi) northeast of Guwahati, and is the largest of the north bank towns with a population exceeding 100,000 as per Metropolitan Census 2011.^[2].It is also known as the 'Cultural Capital of Assam' as well as 'City of Eternal Romance.'

• 1History
• 6Economy

History[edit]

The name Tezpur literally means the 'city of blood'. Legend has it that the original name of this place was 'sonitpur' ('sonit' means blood). When the battle between Krishna's army and Lord Shiva, his disciple Banasura's army fought for the rescue of Aniruddha (who was the grandson of Lord Krishna, according to legend) there was so much bloodshed that the place was stained red. This led to the name of the place becoming Tezpur. The Shiva temples in and around Tezpur shows the love and devotions of King Baanasur for Lord Shiva. Banasura was the eldest of the hundred sons of Bali, who in turn was the son of Virochana and grandson of Prahlada (son of Hiranyakashipu and devotee of Narasimha). Banas mother was Vindhyavali. Bana, the king of demons (asuras), ruled over Sonita-pura. The word 'bana' also means an arrow. He went to the Himalayan regions and performed a penance invoking Shiva's favour. When Shiva appeared in answer to his austerities, Bana begged the god to bestow a thousand arms carrying a multitude of weapons to destroy his enemies and opponents. He also desired that Parvati should consider him as her son. Bana was a great devotee of Shiva and there are several famous self manifest bana-lingas being worshipped in India. Banasura was a powerful and terrible asura. All people, the king of earth, and Devas of heaven were afraid of him. Bana was a follower of Siva. Banasura ruled in present-day central Assam with his capital at Sonitpur (present-day Tezpur). Banasura's wife's was Kandala. Banasura had a beautiful daughter named Usha. Usha one day saw a young man in her dream and fell in love with him. He was Aniruddha, the grandson of Lord Krishna. There was a war between Banasura and Krishna in which Banasura was defeated. Krishna married Usha with Aniruddha and brought them to dwaraka. Banasura moved to Himalayas and devoted his life in worship of Shiva.

Medieval era[edit]

The Xunitpur (Tezpur) historical ruins from the 8th and 9th centuries can be found in the surrounding areas, resembling Gupta period art. The ruins of Da Parbatia are an example of architecture from around the 6th century AD. The ruins of Bamuni Hills are the most famous. They resemble Gupta period art. Accordingly, there are plenty of myths as well. The ruins of Da Parbatia are an example of the architecture around the 6th century AD. The people of Deori community believe that their ancestors originally lived in the Sotai hills which are situated north of Tezpur near the borders of Sonitpur district and East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh.

• • • • • • • • •: Used in the 1990s. • • • •: Especially used by the TNI-AU officers in the 60s. Russian makarov serial numbers. [ ] • • • • • •: Replaced.

Modern era[edit]

Modern Tezpur was founded by the British colonial administration in 1835 as the headquarters of Darrang district. During World War II, Tezpur received large numbers of refugees fleeing from Burma, particularly the corps of Anglo-Burmese and Anglo-Indian nurses. After the independence of India in 1947, it remained the headquarters of Darrang district. During the Sino-Indian War of 1962, the Chinese army advanced to the Tawang city, Arunachal Pradesh. The town was evacuated. The jails were opened and the prisoners released.^{[citation needed]}In 1983 a part of the Darrang district was carved out to form a separate district, Sonitpur. Tezpur was made the official headquarters of the new district of Sonitpur.^{[citation needed]}

Geography[edit]

The town is on the north bank of the Brahmaputra River.The rivers in and around Tezpur are fast flowing, especially from the Himalayas foothills.^{[citation needed][clarification needed]} Tezpur has a number of small hillocks, so that flooding doesn't occur during the monsoons.^{[citation needed][clarification needed]}

Culture[edit]

Tezpur is considered^{[by whom?]} to be the capital of Assamese culture. Being from the core Assamese cultural region, notable residents include Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, Jyoti Prasad Agarwala (1903–51), Kalaguru Bishnu Prasad Rabha (1909–69), Phani Sarma (1909–70), and Kartik Hazarika were from Tezpur. Baan Stage was the theatre where they first performed. Nikamul Satra is at Mazgaon, a center of Vaishnavaite culture.There is also Old Baan Theatre near Jail Road at first Baan stage was there and for lack of a theatre hall area, new Baan Theatre was established at the Town area.At Dadhara there is Jyoti-Bishnu khelpathar. The fields are used for cultural events. In Tezpur, various Cultural group is being established from the period of British rule. Name of some are - Kanyapur Anchalik Moina Parijat, Jangam, Sundaram, Assam Repertory, Baraholia Moina Parijat and many more.^{[citation needed]}

Demography[edit]

Population of the city is 102,505 which is 4th in the State after Guwahati,Silchar and Dibrugarh. The population is largely heterogeneous. Indigenous Assamese communities like Koch Rajbongshi, Keot (Kaibarta), Bodo, Sonowal–Kachari, Sarania–Kachari, Thengal–Kachari, Rabha, Mishing (Miri), Karbi (Mikir), Dimasa, Tiwa, Deori, Assamese Brahmins, Kalita, Nath, Assamese Kayastha, Ahoms, Moran and Motok, Doms/Nadiyals, Assamese Muslims, Assamese Sikhs^[3] and Assamese Christians, along with immigrant communities like Nepali communities (form the majority), Bengali, Bihari, Marwari community.

Places to see[edit]

The historically rich city bears magnificent relics from its past. Although now urbanised, most of the places worth seeing in^[4] and around Tezpur speak of its history. Be it the famed Mahabhairav Temple, Bhairabi Temple (Maithan), the man-made hill of Agnigarh or the naturally rich outskirts of Nameri National Park and Bhalukpong, the place is thronged^{[peacock term]} by visitors almost all year long.

Connecting the city to the district of Nagaon is another majestic structure, the Kaliabhomora Bridge.^[5]

Rock inscriptions: In 1897, Sir Edward Albert Gait discovered a copper inscription in Tezpur the deciphering of which provided information regarding the Ahom rulers.^{[citation needed]} He referenced the nine-line inscription of Harjjar Varma in 'A History of Assam'. The inscription, dating to 829 A.D., is the first historical record of Assam. The inscription was found engraved on a massive stone some 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Tezpur town near Rudrapad Temple.^{[citation needed]}Hazara Pukhuri: A king of the dynasty Harjjar Varma excavated a large pond in 70 acres (280,000 m²) of land, later came to be known as Hazara Pukhuri (Harjjara Pukhuri).^{[citation needed]}Christian cemetery: The cemetery dates to the 17th century. It contains the grave of Alexander Bruce, founder of the tea industry in India, and of Europeans who died here before independence.^{[citation needed]}

The first electric power station in this part of India was established at Tezpur by the British in 1913 near Padum Pukhuri and it was also had a specialty mechanized to supply electric current using coal.^{[citation needed]}Jonaki: The first cinema hall of Northeast India was established by Jyoti Prasad Agarwala in 1935.^{[citation needed]} {{subst:Please link images File:Jonaki Cinema Hall.jpg}}Chitraban: The first film studio of Northeast India was established by Jyoti Prasad Agarwala in 1934.^{[citation needed]}The twin lakes Bor Pukhuri and the Padum Pukhuri in the heart of the city memorialize King Bana and his daughter Usha.^{[citation needed]}

• Agnigarh - Also Usha-Aniruddha Udyan^{[citation needed]}

• Bhairabi Temple - Durga shrine also known as Maithan or Bhairabi Devalaya^{[citation needed]}

• Hanuman Mandir - temple of hanuman near the Bhairabi Temple^{[citation needed]}

• Cole Park^{[citation needed]} - Also known as Chitralekha Udyan

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• Kolia Bhomora Setu - The 3.015 kilometres (1.873 mi) long road bridge across the Brahmaputra^{[citation needed]}

• Ketakeshwar Dewal - Shiva shrine^{[citation needed]}

• Mahabhairav Temple - Shiva shrine^{[citation needed]}

• Padum Pukhuri - Central lake with an island in the middle^{[citation needed]}

• Rudrapath - Shiva shrine^{[citation needed]}

• Bamuni Pahar^{[citation needed]}

• Da Parbatia Gate of Gupta period^{[citation needed]}

• Hazara pukhuri- Pond of gupta period.It was dug in the name of great king Hazar-barman.^{[citation needed]}

• Nag Shankar- Temple of lord Shiva^{[citation needed]}

• Kanaklata Udyan^{[citation needed]}

• Ganesh Ghat temple - (For the temple as well the beautiful sunset of the Brahmaputra)^{[citation needed]}

• Garh Doul - An archaeological site situated at Tarajan Kumargaon, Tezpur.^{[citation needed]}

• Jyoti Bharati - (Poki) The First Concrete House in Assam made by Haribilash Agarwalla. Assamese Culture and the Baan Theatre, Darrang College, Mahila Samiti etc. and much more organizing committee was formed in Poki. In Poki various society and group of individuals involved in the persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. It was handed over the Government of Assam at the time of Hon'ble Cultural Minister Late. Hiteswar Saikia. Haribilash Agarwalla built the Jyoti Bharati (Poki) in 1874. He was a Tea Farmer by profession and a religious belief person. It was built in the style of Ahom Dynasty buildings. To build this building Haribilash Agarwala has brought many equipment from various part of India.^{[citation needed]}

• Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Kala Academy - It is Cultural Music School situtaed at Pithakhuwa, Tezpur.^{[citation needed]}

• Dak Bunglow - It is situated at the heart of the Tezpur City which was established in 1881.^{[citation needed]} publisher=Bhargab Baruah, Tezpur.

• District Museum - The District Museum was firstly established in 1986 near Darrang College Road and after 1997 it was permanently situated near Duk Bunglow at Tezpur town area.^{[citation needed]}

• Bishnu Rabha Cremation Spot - It is the Bishnu Rabha (Kalaguru) Cremation Spot situated at the bank of river Brahmaputra area near Maa Bhairabi Temple at Kalibari, Tezpur. Bishnu Rava honourly named as Kalaguru who died in 20 June 1969.^{[citation needed]}

Economy[edit]

Tezpur has emerged as one of the biggest destinations for investors in the state with number of Shopping Malls,Hotels,Restaurants and Flats coming up in the city.The economy of Tezpur is dependent on its tea gardens. There are many tea gardens surrounding the town. The gardens and agriculture contribute to the local economy. The Zone III of the Assam Branch Indian Tea Association(ABITA) is located at Tezpur. Tezpur has manufacturing plants of FMCG brand Dabur and Patanjali's mega food park is under construction.

Presently Tezpur is a commercial, administrative and educational center of the state of Assam. It also houses a major base of the Indian Army and Airforce (Salonibari), I.T.B.P, Bihaguri.

Media and communications sector[edit]

Assamese newspaper Dainik Agradoot is published from Tezpur along with Guwahati and Jorhat.

All India Radio has a local station in Tezpur which transmits programs of mass interest.^{[citation needed]}

Bhattacharya Press It was established in Tezpur on 1936.^{[citation needed]}

Transport sector[edit]

Tezpur is connected to the rest of the country by road, rail, and air.Recently regular flights introduced from Tezpur Airport to Guwahati and Kolkata.ISBT Tezpur is under construction.

In 1987 the Kolia Bhomora Setu, over the Brahmaputra, was inaugurated connecting Tezpur to the southern district of Nagaon. The bridge in itself has become a tourist attraction. Dekargaon railway station is the nearest railway station of Tezpur which is about 10 km away from the town. The airport is located at Salonibari, 10 km from the heart of the city but is less operated and connects to very few Indian cities which include state capital Guwahati and Kolkata. Tezpur has daily direct flights to Kolkata and the service is provided by zoom airlines.^[6]

Education and research sector[edit]

• Central University

• Engineering Institute

• Medical

• • Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi Regional Institute of Mental Health

• Research Institute

• • Tezpur University

• • North Eastern Regional Institute of Water and Land Management

• • Defence Research Laboratory

• • Department of Electronic Accreditation Computer Course

• • Indian Statistical Institute, North East Centre

• • Jyoti Kola Kendra (Music/Dance/Art)

• General colleges

• • L.G.B. Girls College

• • Tezpur College

• • Tezpur Law College

• • St. Xavier's College, Ghoramari

• CBSE affiliated schools

• • Air Force School, Tezpur

• • Army School

• • Kendriya Vidyalaya, Central University Tezpur

• • Kendriya Vidyalaya#1

• • Kendriya Vidyalaya#2

• • St. Marys School, Tezpur

• • Tezpur Gurukul, Chatai Chapori

• • St. Joseph Convent High School

• • Gyan Bharati school, B.P Tinali

• AHSEC Affiliated School

• • Dimension Academy Junior College, Science

• • Tezpur Science Academy

• • Luit Valley Junior College, Arts

• ICSE Affiliated School

• • Assam Valley School

• SEBA affiliated School

• • Tezpur Academy

• • Panchmile Higher Secondary School

• • Sacred Heart School

• • Tezpur Collegiate School

• • Tezpur Govt.Boys Higher Secondary School

• • Tezpur Govt. Primary School

• • Lokapriya Amiya Kumar Das School

• • Silver Jubilee School

• • Bengali Boys School

• • Moonlit High School

• • Sankardev Sishu Niketan

• • Rashtravasha Vidyalaya

• • Hindi Vidyapeeth

• • Don Bosco High School

• • Tezpur Bengali Boys Higher Secondary School

• • Tezpur Bengali Girls Higher Secondary School

• • Tezpur Collegiate M.V. School

• • Naapam M.V. School

• • Senior Secondary Secondary affiliated School

• • Sonitpur Jatiya Vidyalaya^{[citation needed]}

• Preschool

Medical Treatment Centre[edit]

• • The Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi Regional Institute of Mental Health (LGBRIMH) was initially set up as Tezpur Lunatic Asylum under the British Government in April, 1876.
  • Baptist Mission Hospital which was founded at Mission Chariali in 1954^{[citation needed]}.

• • Kanaklata Civil Hospital is situated at middle of the town^{[citation needed]}.

• • Tezpur Medical College & Hospital**^{[citation needed]}.

Notable people[edit]

• Nipon Goswami- Assamese actor

• Hem Barua - Assamese poet and politician from Assam^{[citation needed]}

• Bishnu Prasad Rabha - Communist political figure^{[citation needed]}

• Jyoti Prasad Agarwala^{[citation needed]}

• Phani Sarma^{[citation needed]}

• Kanaklata Baruah^{[citation needed]}

• Sheela Borthakur^{[citation needed]}

• Bhupen Deka^{[citation needed]}

• Sampurna Sarkar^{[citation needed]}

• Pankaj Bordoloi^{[citation needed]}

Climate[edit]

The average temperature in summer is around 36 °C (97 °F) while the average winter temperature is around 13 °C (55 °F).^[7]

Government sector[edit]

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Tezpur is part of Tezpur (Lok Sabha constituency).^[8]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=306544
2. ^'Tezpur Metropolitan Urban Region Population 2011 Census'. www.census2011.co.in. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
3. ^'Meet the Axomiya Sikhs'. The Tribune. Chandigarh. 24 March 2013.
4. ^'Tezpur City of Assam - Tourist Spots and Historical Significance of Tezpur'. www.assamjournal.com. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
5. ^Kolia Bhomora Setu Check url= value (help), 12 August 2018, retrieved 8 October 2018
6. ^'Kolia Bhomora'. Akash Pratim Baruah's website. Archived from the original on 26 October 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2007.CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
7. ^'Tezpur, India Weather Averages - Monthly Average High and Low Temperature - Average Precipitation and Rainfall days - World Weather Online'. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
8. ^'List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies'(PDF). Assam. Election Commission of India. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 May 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2008.

External links[edit]

• Tezpur travel guide from Wikivoyage